Returning to the dominance hierarchy framework and the concept of the alpha male, it’s true that dominance and submission does exist. It’s not a myth per se.

But the idea that every interaction between two organisms in the same species can be explained by a simplistic framework is erroneous.

Social Dominance Is Not a Myth: Wolves, Dogs and Other Animals • 2012 Feb 23 • Marc Bekoff • The Bark

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